Environmental conditions have an important effect on the frequency at which the air filter needs service.

Certain air filters have a separate dust bowl (A1) which must be cleaned at intervals. The amount of dust in the

bowl shows if it has been removed at the correct time for the conditions of operation. Do not let dust completely

fill the bowl, because this will reduce the life of the filter element (A2).

Certain air filters have automatic dust valves (B1) through which dust is expelled from the filter. The rubber

dust valve must be kept clean. Ensure that the sides of the valves close completely together and that they can

separate freely.

If a restriction indicator is fitted, see "Restriction indicator" on page 35, it will indicate precisely when the air

filter element needs service. This prevents the premature removal of the filter element which causes extra cost

or late removal of the element which can cause loss of engine power.

The filter element must be cleaned or renewed according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.

34

User’s Handbook, TPD 1285E, Issue 2

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Restriction indicator

The restriction indicator for these engines must work at a pressure difference of 381/457 mm (15/18 in) of water

gauge. It is fitted on the air filter outlet or between the air filter and the induction manifold.

When the red warning indicator (A1) is seen through the clear panel (A2) after the engine has stopped, the air

filter element must be removed for service.

After a clean element has been fitted, press the rubber bottom (A3) or the button (A4) of the restriction indicator

to reset the red warning indicator.

2

1

4

3

1

2

A

User’s Handbook, TPD 1285E, Issue 2

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How to check the tappet clearances

These are checked between the top of the tappet and the rocker lever (A1). For D3.152 engines the correct

clearances are 0,30 mm (0.012 in) for inlet and exhaust valves with the engine cold. For 3.1524 and T3.1524

engines the correct clearances are 0,20 mm (0.008 in) for the inlet valves and 0,32 mm (0.0125 in) for the

exhaust valves with the engine hot or cold.

Warning! Number 1 cylinder is at the front of the engine.

1  Turn the crankshaft in the normal direction of rotation until the inlet valve of number 1 cylinder has just

opened and the exhaust valve of the same cylinder has not closed completely. Check the clearances of valves

numbers 4 and 6 and adjust them, if it is necessary.

2  Make a mark on the crankshaft pulley and timing case cover and turn the crankshaft one complete revolution

o

(360 ) until the marks align again. Check and adjust clearances of numbers 1, 2, 3 and 5 valves.

36

User’s Handbook, TPD 1285E, Issue 2

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3.152

5

Engine fluids

5

Fuel specification

To get the correct power and performance from your engine, use good quality fuel. The recommended fuel

specification for Perkins engines is indicated below:

Cetane number

Viscosity

Density

Sulphur

Distillation

45 minimum

2.5/4.5 centistokes at 40 °C

0,835/0,855 kg/litre

0.2% of mass, maximum

85% at 350 °C

Cetane number indicates ignition performance. A fuel with a low cetane number can cause cold start problems

and affect combustion.

Viscosity is the resistance to flow and engine performance can be affected if it is outside the limits.

Density a lower density reduces engine power, a higher density increases engine power and exhaust smoke.

Sulphur a high sulphur content (not normally found in Europe, North America or Australasia) can cause engine

wear. Where only high sulphur fuels are available, it is necessary to use a highly alkaline lubricating oil in the

engine or to renew the lubricating oil more frequently, refer to the maintenance "Schedules" on page 22.

Distillation this is an indication of the mixture of different hydrocarbons in the fuel. A high ratio of light-weight

hydrocarbons can affect the combustion characteristics.

Low temperature fuels

Special winter fuels may be available for engine operation at temperatures below 0 °C. These fuels have a

lower viscosity and also limit the wax formation in the fuel at low temperatures. If wax formation occurs, this

could stop the fuel flow through the filter.

Aviation kerosene fuels

These fuels can be used but they can affect engine performance. It is recommended that you consult the

Perkins Technical Service Department at Peterborough, especially if JP4 fuel is to be used. These fuels are

more flammable than diesel fuel and need careful storage and careful management.

If you need advice on adjustments to an engine setting or to the lubricating oil change periods which may be

necessary because of the standard of available fuel, consult your nearest Perkins distributor or the Perkins

Technical Service Department.

User’s Handbook, TPD 1285E, Issue 2

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3.152

Lubricating oil specification

Use only a good quality lubricating oil to the relevant specification as shown in the table below.

Specifications

Engine type

API CC

ACEA E1  (1)

(1)

API CD

Naturally aspirated

Naturally aspirated engines in heavy duty earth moving equipment

Turbocharged

z

z

z

z

(1) Not recommended for the first 25/50 hours of operation, nor for light load applications.

Warning! The type of lubricating oil to be used may be affected by the quality of the fuel which is available.

For further details see "Fuel specification" on page 37.

Always ensure that the correct viscosity grade of lubricating oil is used for the ambient temperature range in

which the engine will run as shown in the chart below (A).

A

0W

5W20

10W30

15W40

20W50

20

30

40

-30

-22

-20

-4

-10

14

0

10

50

20

68

30

86

40

50 ° C

32

104   122 ° F

B

A

Viscosity chart

A = Recommended viscosity grades

B = Ambient temperature

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User’s Handbook, TPD 1285E, Issue 2

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3.152

Coolant specification

The quality of the coolant which is used can have a great effect on the efficiency and life of the cooling system.

The recommendations indicated below can help to maintain a good cooling system and to protect it against

frost and/or corrosion.

If the correct procedures are not used, Perkins cannot be held responsible for frost or corrosion damage.

1  If it is possible, use clean soft water in the coolant.

2  If an antifreeze mixture, other than Perkins POWERPART, is used to prevent frost damage, it must have an

ethanediol base (ethylene glycol) with a corrosion inhibitor. It is recommended that the corrosion inhibitor is of

the sodium nitrite or sodium benzoate type. The antifreeze mixture must be an efficient coolant at all ambient

temperatures and it must provide protection against corrosion. It must also have a specification at least as

good as the requirements of the standards below:

United Kingdom: BS.6580:MOD AL39: “Specification for corrosion inhibiting, engine coolant concentrate

(antifreeze)”.

Perkins POWERPART antifreeze exceeds the requirements of the above standards.

The quality of the antifreeze coolant must be checked at least once a year, for example, at the beginning of

the cold period. Renew the coolant every two years.

The antifreeze mixture must consist of equal quantities of antifreeze and water. Concentrations of more than

50% of antifreeze must not be used because these can affect adversely the performance of the coolant.

3  When frost protection is not necessary, it is still an advantage to use an approved antifreeze mixture

because this gives a protection against corrosion and also raises the boiling point of the coolant.

If an antifreeze is not used, add a correct mixture of corrosion inhibitor to the water.

Renew the mixture of water and corrosion inhibitor every six months or check it according to the inhibitor

manufacturer’s recommendations.

Warning! Certain corrosion inhibitor mixtures could cause damage to some engine components. It is

recommended that you consult the Perkins Engines Company Limited, Peterborough if a corrosion inhibitor is

to be used.

User’s Handbook, TPD 1285E, Issue 2

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3.152

6

Fault diagnosis

6

Problems and possible causes

Possible causes

Engine problem

Checks by the

Checks by the user

workshop personnel

The starter motor turns the engine too slowly

The engine does not start

1, 2, 3, 4

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15,

17

34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44

34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44

5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,

The engine is difficult to start

16, 17, 19

8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18,   34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44,

Not enough power

Misfire

19, 20, 21

61, 63

8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22

34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43

34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43,

High fuel consumption

11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22

11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22

44, 63

34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43,

44, 61, 63

Black exhaust smoke

36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 52,

Blue or white exhaust smoke

The pressure of the lubricating oil is too low

The engine knocks

4, 15, 21, 23

58, 62

4, 24, 25, 26

46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 59,

36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 52, 53,

9, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23

60

7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,

18, 20, 22, 23

The engine runs erratically

34, 38, 40, 41, 44, 52, 60,

Vibration

The pressure of the lubricating oil is too high

13, 18, 20, 27, 28

4, 25

34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 52, 54

49

11, 13, 15, 19, 27, 29, 30, 32,

The engine temperature is too high

Crankcase pressure

34, 36, 37, 39, 52, 55, 56, 57

64

31, 33

39, 42, 44, 45, 52

37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 53,

60

Bad compression

11, 22

The engine starts and stops

10, 11, 12

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3.152

Code list of possible causes

1 Battery capacity low.

2 Bad electrical connections.

3 Fault in starter motor.

4 Wrong grade of lubricating oil.

5 Starter motor turns engine too slowly.

6 Fuel tank empty.

7 Fault in stop control.

8 Restriction in a fuel pipe

9 Fault in fuel lift pump.

10 Dirty fuel filter element.

11 Restriction in air filter/cleaner or induction system.

12 Air in fuel system.

13 Fault in atomisers or atomisers of an incorrect type.

14 Cold start system used incorrectly.

15 Fault in cold start system.

16 Restriction in fuel tank vent.

17 Wrong type or grade of fuel used.

18 Restricted movement of engine speed control.

19 Restriction in exhaust pipe.

20 Engine temperature is too high.

21 Engine temperature is too low.

22 Incorrect tappet clearances.

23 Too much oil or oil of a wrong specification is used in wet type air cleaner.

24 Not enough lubricating oil in sump.

25 Defective gauge.

26 Dirty lubricating oil filter element.

27 Fan damaged.

28 Fault in engine mounting or flywheel housing.

29 Too much lubricating oil in sump.

30 Restriction in air or water passages of radiator.

31 Restriction in breather pipe.

32 Insufficient coolant in system.

33 Vacuum pipe leaks or fault in exhauster.

34 Fault in fuel injection pump.

35 Broken drive on fuel injection pump.

36 Timing of fuel injection pump is incorrect.

37 Valve timing is incorrect.

38 Bad compression.

39 Cylinder head gasket leaks.

40 Valves are not free.

41 Wrong high-pressure pipes.

42 Worn cylinder bores.

43 Leakage between valves and seats.

44 Piston rings are not free or they are worn or broken.

45 Valve stems and/or guides are worn.

46 Crankshaft bearings are worn or damaged.

42

User’s Handbook, TPD 1285E, Issue 2

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